Komparativna analiza antropomorfoloških i kardiovaskularnih parametara seniora i kadeta vrhunskih sportista (Magistarska teza)

Dr Sead Malićević

Uvod. Bavljenje vrhunskim sportom nosi mnoge zdravstvene rizike za mlade sportiste, naročito ako trening ili takmičenje nije prilagodjeno njihovom uzrastu. Usled visokog intenziteta košarkaškog treninga i takmičenja, tokom godina neminovno dolazi do promena na mnogim sistemima organa, prvenstveno kardiorespiracijskom i muskuloskeletnom, zbog čega je i sprovedeno ovo istraživanje.
Cilj. Poredjenjem antropomorfoloških karakteristika i parametara kardiorespiracijskog sistema kod mladih sportista – kadeta i odraslih sportista – seniora, utvrditi kakav uticaj na fizičke i funkcionalne karakteristike tela ima intenzivan košarkaški trening. Proceniti zdravstvene rizike bavljenja vrhunskom košarkom. Koje telesne i funkcionalne karakteristike najbolje razdvajaju grupu kadeta od grupe seniora, tj. koje fizičke i/ili funkcionalne karakteristike se najviše menjaju tokom godina bavljenja košarkom.
Metod. Osamnaest košarkaša kadeta (uzrast do 16 godina) i 15 seniora, svi vrhunske sportske klase, podvrgnuto je merenjima telesnih dimenzija i parametara funkcionalne sposobnosti. U okviru antropomorfoloških ispitivanja uradjeno je ukupno 22 merenja, prema protokolu po Matiegka-i, na osnovu kojih je procenjen sastav i struktura tela. U okviru ispitivanja kardiorespiracijskog sistema, korišćen je maksimalni, višestepeni, progresivni test opterećenja na bicikl-ergometru.
Rezultati. Seniori su imali statistički značajno veću telesnu masu (p<0,001), površinu (p<0,001) i indeks telesne mase (p<0,001), statistički značajno veći obim nadlakta (p<0,001), podlakta (p<0,005), natkolena (p<0,05) i statistički značajno manji dijametar gležnja (p<0,001). Imali su značajno veće srednje vrednosti potkožnog masnog tkiva nadlakta (p<0,015), podlakta (p<0,001) i grudi (p<0,001). Nadalje, seniori su imali statistički značajno manje procentualno učešće koštanog tkiva u ukupnoj strukturi telesne mase (p<0,001) i signifikantno veće učešće mišićne mase u ukupnoj strukturi telesne mase (p<0,005). Multivarijacionom analizom utvrdjeno je da od antropomorfoloških varijabli, najveći značaj u razdvajanju kadeta od seniora, imaju procentualno učešće koštanog tkiva u ukupnoj strukturi, telesna masa i indeks telesne mase. Pri opterećenju ispitivanih sportista, izmedju kadeta i seniora utvrdjene su statistički značajne razlike u vrednostima: srčane frekvencije (p<0,001), frekvencije disanja (p<0,001), kiseoničnog pulsa (p<0,05), maksimalne potrošnje kiseonika (p<0,001) i dijastolnog arterijskog pritiska (p<0,001). Multivarijacionom analizom utvrdjeno je da od kardiorespiratornih parametara najveći značaj u razdvajanju kadeta od seniora pokazuju: u svim fazama maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika, a u pojedinim fazama frekvencija disanja, dijastolni arterijski pritisak, srčana frekvencija, kiseonični puls i apsolutna potrošnja kiseonika. Rezultati klaster analize za antropomorfološke varijable pokazali su da se pet košarkaša seniora klasifikuju u grupu kadeta, a da se četiri košarkaša kadeta klasifikuju u grupu seniora.
Zaključak. Dugogodišnje bavljenje košarkom dovodi do velikih promena u sastavu i strukturi tela, kao i u pojedinim karakteristikama kardiorespiracijskog sistema. Potrebno je da se košarkaški trening prilagodi uzrastu sportiste i njegovoj poziciji u timu, kako bi se što više odložile promene na kardiorespiracijskom sistemu koje su potencijalna opasnost za zdravlje košarkaša.
Ključne reči: antropometrija, ergospirometrija, košarka, kadeti

Comparative analysis of anthropomorphological and cardiovascular parameters of elite athletes, cadets vs. seniors (Thesis)

Dr. Sead Malicevic

Introduction. There are serious health risks for young athletes if training process and/or competition are not suitable for their age. During years, due to the fact of basketball being high intensity sport, lots of changes are seen mostly in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system of the body. This was the main reason for us to carry out this study.
Aim. To compare anthropomorphological characteristics and parameters of cardiovascular system between basketball cadets and seniors, and investigate influence of basketball training program to physical and functional characteristics of the body. To evaluate health risks of long-term intensive basketball training. Another goal was to find out which of the physical and functional characteristics are best parting determinants of these two groups, i.e. which physical and/or functional characteristics are changing the most during years.
Methods. Eighteen elite cadet basketball players (age less than 16 years) and 15 elite seniors, underwent assessment of body dimensions and parameters of functional ability. Total of 22 body measures, according to Matiegka protocol were taken and composition and structure of the body was estimated. In investigations of cardiovascular parameters, an incremental, maximal exercise test on cycle-ergometer was used.
Results. Seniors had statistically significantly bigger body mass (p<0.001), body surface (p<0.001) and body mass index (p<0.001), statistically bigger circumferences of the upper arm (p<0.001), arm (p<0.005), thigh (p<0.05) and statistically smaller diameter of the ankle (p<0.001). Significantly thicker skinfolds in the regions of upper arm (p<0.015), arm (p<0.001) and chest (p<0.001) were also found in seniors. In addition, seniors had less percentage of bone tissue in total body structure (p<0.001) and larger percentage of muscle tissue in body structure (p<0.005). Multivariation analysis demonstrated that, out of anthropomorphological parameters, percent of bone tissue in body structure, body mass and body mass index are most significant separating factors for these two groups of subjects. In stress-test, seniors had significantly higher mean values of heart rate (p<0.001), breathing frequency (p<0.001), oxygen pulse (p<0.05), maximal oxygen uptake (p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001). Multivariation analysis illustrated that most important separating parameters of two groups of subjects were maximal oxygen uptake (in all test-stages), and breathing frequency, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen pulse and absolute oxygen consumption (in certain test-stages). Results of cluster analysis showed that 5 seniors fit the group of cadets and 4 of the cadets are fitting group of seniors, in terms of body characteristics.
Conclusions. After many years of basketball, there are significant changes in body composition and structure, as well as in some of the parameters of the cardiovascular system. It seems that basketball training and competition should be accustomed to the age of the young players, as well as to their team position, so the changes that are potentially dangerous to the health of the young athlete are withdrawn or delayed.
Keywords: anthropometry, ergospirometry, basketball, cadets

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